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Complete Home and Office Legal Guide (Chestnut) (1993).ISO
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1993-08-16
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/* We continue with part 2 of the rules of professional conduct
for attorneys. */
Comment
Loyalty to a client
Loyalty is an essential element in the lawyer's relationship
to a client. An inpermissable conflict of interest may exist
before representation is undertaken, in which event the
representation should be declined. If such a conflict arises
after representation has been undertaken, the lawyer should
withdraw from the representation. See rule 4-1.16. Where more
than one client is involved and the lawyer withdraws because a
conflict arises after representation, whether the lawyer may
continue to represent any of the clients is determined by rule 4-
1.9. See also rule 4-2.2(c). As to whether a client-lawyer
relationship exists or having once been established, is
continuing, see comment to rule 4-1.3 and scope.
As a general proposition, loyalty to a client prohibits
undertaking representation directly adverse to that client or
another client's interests without the affected client's consent.
Paragraph (a) expresses that general rule. Thus, a lawyer
ordinarily may not act as advocate against a person the lawyer
represents in some other matter, even if it is wholly unrelated.
On the other hand, simultaneous representation in unrelated
matters of clients whose interests are only generally adverse,
such as competing economic enterprises, does not require consent
of the respective clients. Paragraph (a) applies only when the
representation of one client would be directly adverse to the
other and where the lawyer's responsibilities of loyalty and
confidentiality of the other client might be compromised.
Loyalty to a client is also impaired when a lawyer cannot
consider, recommend, or carry out an appropriate course of action
for the client because of the lawyer's other responsibilities or
interests. The conflict in effect forecloses alternatives that
would otherwise be available to the client. Paragraph (b)
addresses such situations. A possible conflict does not itself
preclude the representation. The critical questions are the
likelihood that a conflict will eventuate and, if it does,
whether it will materially interfere with the lawyer's
independent professional judgment in considering alternatives or
foreclose courses of action that reasonably should be pursued on
behalf of the client. Consideration should be given to whether
the client wishes to accommodate the other interest involved.
Consultation and consent
A client may consent to representation notwithstanding a
conflict. However, as indicated in paragraph (a)(1) with respect
to representation directly adverse to a client and paragraph
(b)(1) with respect to material limitations on representation of
a client, when a disinterested lawyer would conclude that the
client should not agree to the representation under the
circumstances, the lawyer involved cannot properly ask for such
agreement or provide representation on the basis of the client's
consent. When more than one client is involved, the question of
conflict must be resolved as to each client. Moreover, there may
be circumstances where it is impossible to make the disclosure
necessary to obtain consent. For example, when the lawyer
represents different clients in related matters and one of the
clients refuses to consent to the disclosure necessary to permit
the other client to make an informed decision, the lawyer cannot
properly ask the latter to consent.
Lawyer's interests
The lawyer's own interests should not be permitted to have
adverse effect on representation of a client. For example, a
lawyer's need for income should not lead the lawyer to undertake
matters that cannot be handled competently and at a reasonable
fee. See rules 4-1.1 and 4-1.5. If the probity of a lawyer's
own conduct in a transaction is in serious question, it may be
difficult or impossible for the lawyer to give a client detached
advice. A lawyer may not allow related business interests to
affect representation, for example, by referring clients to an
enterprise in which the lawyer has an undisclosed interest.
Conflicts in litigation
Paragraph (a) prohibits representation of opposing parties in
litigation. Simultaneous representation of parties whose
interests in litigation may conflict, such as co-plaintiffs or
co-defendants, is governed by paragraphs (b) and (c). An
impermissible conflict may exist by reason of substantial
discrepancy in the parties' testimony, incompatibility in
positions in relation to an opposing party or the fact that there
are substantially different possibilities of settlement of the
claims or liabilities in question. Such conflicts can arise in
criminal cases as well as civil. The potential for conflict of
interest in representing multiple defendants in a criminal case
is so grave that ordinarily a lawyer should decline to represent
more than one co-defendant. On the other hand, common
representation of persons having similar interests is proper if
the risk of adverse effect is minimal and the requirements of
paragraph (b) are met. Compare rule 4-2.2 involving
intermediation between clients.
Ordinarily, a lawyer may not act as advocate against a
client the lawyer represents in some other matter, even if the
other matter is wholly unrelated. However, there are
circumstances in which a lawyer may act as advocate against a
client. For example, a lawyer representing an enterprise with
diverse operations may accept employment as an advocate against
the enterprise in an unrelated matter if doing so will not
adversely affect the lawyer's relationship with the enterprise or
conduct of the suit and if both clients consent upon
consultation. By the same token, government lawyers in some
circumstances may represent government employees in proceedings
in which a government agency is the opposing party. The
propriety of concurrent representation can depend on the nature
of the litigation. For example, a suit charging fraud entails
conflict to a degree not involved in a suit for a declaratory
judgment concerning statutory interpretation.
A lawyer may represent parties have antagonistic positions
on a legal question that has arisen in different cases, unless
representation of either client would be adversely affected.
Thus, it is ordinarily not improper to assert such positions in
cases pending in different trial courts, but it may be improper
to do so in cases pending at the same time in an appellate court.
Interest of person paying for a lawyer's service
A lawyer may be paid from a source other than the client, if
the client is informed of that fact and consents and the
arrangement does not compromise the lawyer's duty of loyalty to
the client. See rule 4-1.8(f). For example, when an insurer and
its insured have conflicting interests in a matter arising from a
liability insurance agreement and the insurer is required to
provide special counsel for the insured, the arrangement should
assure the special counsel's professional independence. So also,
when a corporation and its directors or employees are involved in
a controversy in which they have conflicting interests, the
corporation may provide funds for separate legal representation
of the directors of employees, if the clients consent after
consultation and the arrangement ensures the lawyer's
professional independence.
Other conflict situations
Conflicts of interest in contexts other than litigation
sometimes may be difficult to assess. Relevant factors in
determining whether there is potential for adverse effect include
the duration and intimacy of the lawyer's relationship with the
client or clients involved, the functions being performed by the
lawyer, the likelihood that actual conflict will arise and the
likely prejudice to the client from the conflict if it does
arise. The question is often one of proximity and degree.
F